Free Song of Solomon Essays: Biblical References :: Song Solomon essays

Biblical References in "Song of Solomon" Under the recorded names were other names, just as Macon Dead, recorded for each(prenominal) time in some dusty file, hid from view the real names of people, places, and things. Names that had meaning. No wonder Pilate put hers in her ear. When you deal your name, you should hang on to it, for unless it is noted down and remembered, it will give off when you do. - Song of Solomon Hagar- Sarahs Egyptian maid. matinee idol had promised Sarah and Abraham many children, however they remained childless. If the wife was childless, it was custom to permit the maid/ break ones back to substitute as the wife. Hagar bore Abraham a son, Ishmael. When Sarah gave birth to her own child, she became jealous of Hagar, and forced Hagar and Ishmael to the desert. Hagar and Ishmael wandered in the desert and would have died from thirst, but God directed them toward a well. Genesis 16,21,25 Magdalene called Lena/Mary Magdalene- Jesus healed her of seven demons these included physical, emotional, and moral problems. She was one of the group of women who gave money and provisions to Jesus and the follower band, and she accompanied them on some of their preaching and healing tours. She witnessed the Crucifixion. Mary Magdalene was one of the first to meet Jesus after he rose from the dead. She was the first to know of the Resurrection. Matthew 27, 28 Mark 15,16 Luke 8,24 John 19,20 Pilate/Pontius Pilate- He was the Roman governor of Judea. The New Testament portrays him as generally weak and poor at making decisions. Judaic sources depict him as a strong figure of authority. Both sources, however, claim that he was unjustly hostile toward Jews. Jewish leaders took Jesus before Pilate. They utter Jesus claimed to be The Messiah (King of Jews) and charged him with treason. Pilate discovered Jesus was from Galilee and sent him to Herod Antipas, Galilean ruler. Herod mocked Jesus and sent him back to Pilate. It was custom fo r the Roman governor to electric arc one Jewish prisoner at the Passover season. Pilate took Jesus and another condemned Jew, Barabbas, onto the palace steps and told the crowd to choose who was to be freed. The crowd chose Barabbas, and Pilate then sentenced Jesus to die on a cross. Before he ordered the crucifixion, Pilate washed his hands in public to absolve himself of Jesus murder.

Nature and Nurture in Crime and Punishment Essay -- Crime and Punishmen

Nature and Nurture in Crime and Punishment In the give-and-take today there is an article about a high-school boy who brought guns to school and shot several students. The parents of the victims are suing various computer game companies reflection that the knockdown-dragout games present shooting and killing people as pleasurable and fail to portray realistic consequences. A representative of one of the companies released a statement saying that this is another example of individuals seeking to elude responsibility that has become so common in our society. This case is not about software. What is on trial is the old-fashioned debate between nature and nurture, which also lies at the center of Fyodor Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment. In his dream about the gray nag, Raskolnikov as an unshaped child is innately compassionate he weeps for horses being cruelly beaten, only when already society, in the form of his parents, begins to shape him, to train him, to numb his compassiona te feelings for those in pain. His mother draws him onward from the window when he sees such a horse pass and his father tells him when the men kill the nag Theyre drunk, theyre playing pranks, its none of our business, come along (59). already Raskolnikov is being taught to rationalize murder, for all those people who watched and did not interfere are partly to blame as they rationalize that its none of our business. Mikolka, the horses murderer, also rationalizes his role first, he defines the mare as property, not as life. Repeatedly he says Its my goods (57) while those who object refer to the horse not as an neuter object but as her. Secondly, he attempts to justify the act through cold reasoning I might as well kill her, shes not worth her ... .... rase today as we scan the news we can still find the nature versus nurture issue addressed by Dostoevky still prevalent in our court cases and legal system. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretat ions. New York, New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York Random House, 1992. Gale Research Co. Nineteenth Century literary works Criticism. Detroit, MI 1984, Vol. 7. Kjetsaa, Geir. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, A Writers Life. New York, New York Viking Penguin Inc., 1987, Magill, Frank. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Salem Press, 1976. Terras, Victor. Handbook of Russian Literature. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1985. Timoney, John. Speech on Crime and Punishment. Mt. Holyoke College, November 10, 1994.

Dracula- Bram Stoker :: English Literature

Dracula- Bram StokerIn my opinion, this is one of the greatest horror books that have everbeen written. It is excellent.The book undertakes with Jonathon Harker- one of the main characters,writing in his journal. From this we slang that he is on his way toTransylvania, one of the wildest and least known portions of Europewhere he is visiting one of the clients of the accountants firm thathe works for in his castle, Castle Dracula. From Budapest, he travelsto Bistritz where he stays in the Golden Krone Hotel. The next day heis to travel to the Borgo slide down by coach where Draculas carriage willmeet him. there are early signs that all is not right He has queer dreamswhilst staying in Budapest, people are very wary of telling himanything of the count or his castle, when he asked the hotel ownerswhat they knew of the Count both he and his wife crossed themselvesand, saying that they knew nothing at all, refused to speak anyfurther, people try to warn him off handout to the castle, the landladywouldnt let him leave the hotel until she had placed a cross aroundhis neck, even the people on the coach he is taking to meet the countscarriage begin talking of evil things Satan, vampires, hell.But this is soon forgotten as he journeys, he is absorbed in thebeautiful landscape, oblivious to everything else. As they near theBorgo pass he finds that the other people on the coachs behaviourbecomes more and more erratic as if they are nervous and frightened,for him as well as themselves.When they pose to the pass, there is no-one there and they try topersuade him to leave with them but the Counts horseman arrives withthe carriage . His appearance is very disturbing. He has eyes whichseemed blushing(a) in the lamplight and red lips with sharp looking teeth.He interrogates the coach driver who seems to be very scared of him.There is also something very strange in his behaviour but we jargon putour finger on it. Jonathan boards the carriage and begins the finallap of his journey towards the castle. The way in which the journey isdescribed builds up a sense of apprehension, as if this is thebeginning of an undescribable horror. The closer to the castleJonathan gets, the worse it is. He sees a blue flame which the driverruns off into the darkness to inspect. While he is away the wolves ofthe lumber form a ring around him but when the driver comes back, he

Comparing The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda Equiano and T

Comparing The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda Equiano and Wiesels The Death of My contract This essay ordain focus on the two works, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda Equiano by Olauda Equiano and The Death of My Father by Elie Wiesel. Although these works are rather different, at the same(p) time they are sadly similar. Both works have value to me as they describe events that have historical signifi nookiece. Their personal descriptions of these events befriend one get out feel and understand the atrocities inflicted on both the African and Jewish people. Equianos was most poignant as it details the crimes committed against the African people. Equianos fiction tells us of his abduction and breakup from his family, particularly his little sister. I learned that strivers were bought and sold in Africa, from African to African. I guess I just never agnise that this was a suffice before European influence. Of course, the difference seems to be that th e African masters did not ill treat their slaves. It was not until Equiano was sold to the white traders that he became converted into nemesis and even after many years had passed he was yet at a loss to describe (479). Equianos graphic account of the conditions on board the slave ship pained me as I read. I could only imagine the deplorable as he described the heat, the air...unfit for respiration and the shrieks...and the groans of the demise (481). While Equiano was luckier than most, if it can be considered luck. He reports the general treatment of slaves by their owners following their arrival in America. Equiano tells of sexual assaults against the slave women to include young children, the maiming and excruciate as penalisation for a myriad o... ... (1829). Wiesel is saying that if God existed, why would he have allowed the Holocaust to happen? Of course, this is one question among many that get out never be answered for him. In the end Wiesel resigns himself to go to the synagogue, light the candles, and say the Kiddish for his father. Both of these writings were of value for me as they were not mere entertainment. They were stories of human suffering, suffering at the transfer of other human beings. Although I have read many stories about the slave trade and the Holocaust, I still find each and every flooring more horrifying and saddening than the last. I, like Wiesel, cannot understand how such cruelties could have been inflicted upon anyone. How human beings could lack compassion and empathy for others is so far beyond my taking into custody that there are no words with which to explain my feelings.... Comparing The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda Equiano and TComparing The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda Equiano and Wiesels The Death of My Father This essay will focus on the two works, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda Equiano by Olauda Equiano and The Death of My Father by Elie Wies el. Although these works are quite different, at the same time they are sadly similar. Both works have value to me as they describe events that have historical significance. Their personal descriptions of these events help one better feel and understand the atrocities inflicted on both the African and Jewish people. Equianos was most poignant as it details the crimes committed against the African people. Equianos story tells us of his abduction and separation from his family, particularly his little sister. I learned that slaves were bought and sold in Africa, from African to African. I guess I just never realized that this was a practice before European influence. Of course, the difference seems to be that the African masters did not ill treat their slaves. It was not until Equiano was sold to the white traders that he became converted into terror and even after many years had passed he was yet at a loss to describe (479). Equianos graphic account of the conditions on board the sla ve ship pained me as I read. I could only imagine the suffering as he described the heat, the air...unfit for respiration and the shrieks...and the groans of the dying (481). While Equiano was luckier than most, if it can be considered luck. He reports the general treatment of slaves by their owners following their arrival in America. Equiano tells of sexual assaults against the slave women to include young children, the maiming and torture as punishment for a myriad o... ... (1829). Wiesel is saying that if God existed, why would he have allowed the Holocaust to happen? Of course, this is one question among many that will never be answered for him. In the end Wiesel resigns himself to go to the synagogue, light the candles, and say the Kiddish for his father. Both of these writings were of value for me as they were not mere entertainment. They were stories of human suffering, suffering at the hands of other human beings. Although I have read many stories about the slave trade and the Holocaust, I still find each and every story more horrifying and saddening than the last. I, like Wiesel, cannot understand how such cruelties could have been inflicted upon anyone. How human beings could lack compassion and empathy for others is so far beyond my understanding that there are no words with which to explain my feelings....

A Look into House Music :: House Music Disco Essays

A Look into House Music House music was first and foremost, the direct descendant of discotheque. Many elderly and wiser Chicago, bran- vernal York and New Jersey House djs will agree with me on this. They will acknowledged that fact that it was due to New Yorks, huge Disco purchase order and music scene that helped to create the music of House and Garage and its culture within Chicago, Usa.Frankie Knuckles, the acknowledged godfather of Chicago house, got his start as a Dj via Manhattan, New York, Usa. Whilst there he was spinning Disco, Philly Soul records during the early 1970s with another legendary deejay figure, the late, great Larry Levan, New York.Disco, the music that e trulyone loves to joke about or raspberry about had already been going on for 10 years when the first electronic drum tracks began to appear out of Chicago, Usa. A great Description of Disco can be explain to us like this. The first days of Disco were filled with hope, and joy. The last days of Disco mig ht seem very similar the fall of the Roman Empire.Disco music presided over a era of social change, such as War in Vietnam, the vegetable oil Criss in the early 1970s, Economic recession, and also Improved social conditions with regards to the Black and Gay population within the Usa.Also Disco was the one musics that was to carry forrader the ideas of the late 1960s Hippy Philosophy of Making love not war. But with Disco music and culture it went onto carried on the Hippy philosophy of fashioning love and not war - in more fun and acceptable way for one and all. If I do say so myself on a more grander and a more sophisticated level.On a musical tip, Disco, revoluntionise music as we used to view it. It also changed how we viewed club culture right away around the world. Disco music and culture helped change how radio programing was to be done in the future, and lastly it had a important effect on how the balance of power in the music industry had between the small independent la bels and the major labels records.By the end of its regin (*Disco music) was also responsible for the commericial intro of the 12 inch single to be made available for the general public and Djs alike. The remixthat has become standard practice within dance music, and a new set of studio techniques were available for imaginative dance music producers that heralded from the Disco Craze.

A Look into House Music :: House Music Disco Essays

A Look into House Music House music was first and foremost, the direct descendant of trip the light fantastic toe. Many older and wiser Chicago, New York and New Jersey House djs will agree with me on this. They will acknowledge that fact that it was due to New Yorks, huge Disco club and music scene that helped to create the music of House and Garage and its culture within Chicago, Usa.Frankie Knuckles, the hold godfather of Chicago house, got his start as a Dj via Manhattan, New York, Usa. Whilst there he was spinning Disco, Philly Soul records during the early 1970s with another legendary deejay figure, the late, groovy Larry Levan, New York.Disco, the music that every maven loves to joke about or snigger about had already been going on for 10 years when the first electronic drumfish tracks began to appear out of Chicago, Usa. A great Description of Disco can be explain to us like this. The first days of Disco were make full with hope, and joy. The last days of Disco might s eem very similar the fall of the Roman Empire.Disco music presided over a time of social change, such as War in Vietnam, the Oil Criss in the early 1970s, Economic recession, and also Improved social conditions with regards to the Black and Gay universe within the Usa.Also Disco was the one musics that was to carry forward the ideas of the late 1960s Hippy Philosophy of Making love not war. But with Disco music and culture it went onto carried on the Hippy philosophy of making love and not war - in more fun and acceptable way for one and all. If I do say so myself on a more grander and a more sophisticated level.On a musical tip, Disco, revoluntionise music as we used to view it. It also changed how we viewed club culture today around the world. Disco music and culture helped change how radio programing was to be through in the future, and lastly it had a important effect on how the balance of power in the music industry had between the small independent labels and the major label s records.By the end of its regin (*Disco music) was also responsible for the commericial creation of the 12 inch single to be made available for the general public and Djs alike. The remixthat has plough standard practice within dance music, and a new set of studio techniques were available for imaginative dance music producers that heralded from the Disco Craze.

Hindustani classical music Essay

The tradition was born out of a ethnic synthesis of several medicational traditions the Vedic chant tradition, dating back to more than three thousand years ago,the ancient Iranian tradition of Musiqi-e assil, and various syndicate traditions prevalent in the region. It is traditional for per make waterers who arrive reached a distinguished level of achievement to be awarded titles of respect Hindus atomic number 18 usually liftred to as pandit and Muslims as ustad. An aspect of Hindustani unison going back to Sufi times is the tradition of religious neutrality Muslim ustads may sing compositions in praise of Hindu deities, and vice versa. just about the 12th century, Hindustani perfect music diverged from what eventually came to be identified as Carnatic true music. The central notion in both these systems is that of a mellifluous mode or raga, sung to a danceable cycle or tala. The tradition dates back to the ancient Samaveda, (sma meaning ritual chant), which deals wi th the norms for intonate of srutis or hymns much(prenominal) as the Rig Veda.These principles were refined in the tuneful treatises Natya Shastra, by Bharata (2nd3rd century CE), and Dattilam (probably 3rd4th century CE). In gallant times, the lyrical systems were fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of Sufi composers like emir Khusro, and later in the Moghul courts. Noted composers such as Tansen flourished, along with religious groups like the Vaishnavites. After the 16th century, the singing sorts diversified into different gharanas patronized in different exalted courts. Around 1900, Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande consolidated the musical structures of Hindustani upright music, called ragas, into a number of thaats. Indian classical music has seven basic notes with five interspersed half-notes, resulting in a 12-note scale.Unlike the 12-note scale in Western music, the base frequency of the scale is not fixed, and intertonal gaps (temperam ent) may excessively vary however, with the gradual replacement of the sarangi by the harmonium, an equal tempered scale is more and more used. The performance is go under to a melodic pattern called a raga characterized in part by specific ascent (aroha) and descent (avaroha) sequences, which may not be identical. Other characteristics admit king (vadi) and queen (samavadi) notes and characteristic idiomatic expressions (pakad). In addition each raga has its natural register (ambit) and portamento (meend) rules. Performances atomic number 18 usually marked by commodious improvisation within these norms.HistoryMusic was first formalized in India in connection with preserving the sruti texts, primarily the four vedas, which argon seen as apaurasheya (meaning not created by man). Not only was the text important, but also the manner in which they had been enunciated by the immortals. Prosody and chanting were thus of great importance, and were enshrined in the deuce vedangas (b odies of knowledge) called shiksha (pronunciation, chants) and chhandas (prosody) these remained a key part of the brahmanic educational system till modern times. The formal aspects of the chant are delineated in the Samaveda, with certain aspects, e.g. the relation of chanting to meditation, elaborated in the Chandogya Upanishad (ca. 8th century BC). Priests involved in these ritual chants were called samans and a number of ancient musical instruments such as the conch (shankh), lute (veena), champagne flute (bansuri), trumpets and horns were associated with this and later practices of ritual singing.Sanskritic traditionThe Samaveda outlined the ritual chants for singing the verses of the Rigveda, particularly for offerings of Soma. It proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, krusht, pratham, dwitiya, tritiya, chaturth, mandra and atiswr. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed-frequency instrument. This is why the second note is called pratham (meaning first, i.e., produced when only the first hole is closed). Music is dealt with extensively in the Valmiki Ramayana. Narada is an accomplished musician, as is Ravana Saraswati with her veena is the goddess of music. Gandharvas are presented as spirits who are musical masters, and the gandharva style looks to music primarily for pleasure, accompanied by the soma rasa. In the Vishnudharmottara Purana, the Naga king Ashvatara asks to know the svaras from Saraswati. The most important text on music in the ancient canon is Bharatas Natya Shastra, calm near the 3rd century CE.The Natya Shastra deals with the different modes of music, dance, and drama, and also the worked up responses (rasa) they are expected to evoke. The scale is described in preconditions of 22 micro-tones, which can be combined in clusters of four, three, or two to form an octave. While the term raga is articulated in the Natya Shastra (where its meaning is more literal, meaning colour or mood), it finds a clearer expression in what is called jati in the Dattilam, a text composed shortly after or around the same time as Natya Shastra. The Dattilam is focused on gandharva music and discusses scales (swara), defining a tonal framework called gramma in terms of 22 micro-tonal intervals (sruti3) comprising one octave. It also discusses various arrangements of the notes (murchhana), the permutations and combinations of note-sequences (tanas), and alankara or elaboration. Dattilam categorizes melodic structure into 18 groups called jati, which are the fundamental melodic structures similar to the raga.The call of the jatis reflect regional origins, for example andhri and oudichya. Music also finds mention in a number of texts from the Gupta period Kalidasa mentions several kinds of veena (Parivadini, Vipanchi), as well as rhythm section instruments (mridang), the flute (vamshi) and conch (shankha). Music also finds mention in Buddhist and Jain texts fr om the earliest periods of the Christian era. Naradas Sangita Makarandha treatise, from about 1100 CE, is the earliest text where rules similar to those of incumbent Hindustani classical music can be found.Narada actually names and classifies the system in its earlier form before the Persian influences introduced changes in the system. Jayadevas Gita Govinda from the 12th century was perhaps the earliest musical composition sung in the classical tradition called Ashtapadi music. In the 13th century, Sharngadeva composed the Sangita Ratnakara, which has names such as the turushka todi (Turkish todi), revealing an influx of ideas from Islamic culture. This text is the last to be mentioned by both the Carnatic and the Hindustani traditions and is often thought to date the discrimination between the two.Medieval period Persian influenceThe advent of Islamic rule under(a) the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire over northern India caused right smart cultural interchange. Incr easingly, musicians received patronage in the courts of the new rulers, who in their turn, started taking increasing interest in local music forms. While the initial generations may have been rooted in cultural traditions outside India, they gradually adopted many aspects from their kingdoms which retained the traditional Hindu culture. This helped spur the fusion of Hindu and Muslim ideas to direct forth new forms of musical synthesis like qawwali and khyal. The most influential musician of the Delhi Sultanate period was Amir Khusrau (12531325), sometimes called the father of modern Hindustani classical music.4 A composer in Persian, Turkish, Arabic, as well as Braj Bhasha, he is credited with systematizing many aspects of Hindustani music, and also introducing several ragas such as Yaman Kalyan, Zeelaf and Sarpada.He created the qawwali genre, which fuses Persian melody and beat on a dhrupad like structure. A number of instruments (such as the sitar and tabla) were also introduce d in his time. Amir Khusrau is sometimes credited with the origins of the khyal form, but the disc of his compositions do not appear to support this. The compositions by the court musician Sadarang in the court of Muhammad Shah bear a closer affinity to the modern khyal. They offer that while khyal already existed in some form, Sadarang may have been the father of modern khyal. Much of the musical forms innovated by these pioneers merged with the Hindu tradition, composed in the popular language of the people (as opposed to Sanskrit) in the work of composers like Kabir or Nanak. This can be seen as part of a larger Bhakti tradition, (strongly connect to the Vaishnavite movement) which remained influential across several centuries notable figures include Jayadeva (11th century), Vidyapati (fl. 1375 CE), Chandidas (14th15th century), and Meerabai (15551603 CE).As the Mughal Empire came into closer contact with Hindus, peculiarly under Jalal ud-Din Akbar, music and dance also flour ished. In particular, the musician Tansen introduced a number of innovations, including ragas and particular compositions. Legend has it that upon his rendering of a night-time raga in the morning, the entire city fell under a relieve and clouds gathered in the sky, and that he could light fires by singing the raga Deepak, which is supposed to be composed of notes in high octaves. At the royal house of Gwalior, raja Mansingh Tomar (14861516 CE) also participated in the shift from Sanskrit to the local idiom (Hindi) as the language for classical songs.He himself penned several volumes of compositions on religious and secular themes, and was also prudent for the major compilation, the Mankutuhal (Book of Curiosity), which outlined the major forms of music prevalent at the time. In particular, the musical form known as dhrupad saw considerable development in his court and remained a strong point of the Gwalior gharana for many centuries. After the dissolution of the Mughal empire, the patronage of music continued in smaller princely kingdoms like Lucknow, Patiala, and Banaras, giving rise to the diversity of styles that is today known as gharanas. Many musician families obtained large grants of land which made them self sufficient, at least(prenominal) for a few generations (e.g. the Sham Chaurasia gharana). Meanwhile the Bhakti and Sufi traditions continued to develop and interact with the different gharanas and groups.Modern eraUntil the late 19th century, Hindustani classical music was imparted on a one-on-one basis through the guru-shishya (mentor-protg) tradition. This system had many benefits, but also several drawbacks in many cases, the shishya had to travel by most of his time serving his guru with a hope that the guru might teach him a cheez (piece or nuance) or two. In addition, the system forced the music to be limited to a small subsection of the Indian community. To a large extent it was limited to the palaces and dance halls. It was shunned b y the intellectuals, avoided by the educated middle class, and in general looked down upon as a frivolous practice.5 Then a fortunate turn of events started the renaissance of Hindustani classical music. First, as the power of the maharajahs and nawabs declined in early 20th century, so did their patronage. With the expulsion of Wajid Ali Shah to Calcutta after 1857, the Lucknavi musical tradition came to influence the music of renaissance in Bengal, giving rise to the tradition of Ragpradhan gan around the turn of the century. Also, at the turn of the century, two great stars emerged on the horizon Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. Independent of each other, they spread Hindustani classical music to the masses in general, and the Marathi middle class in particular.These two gentlemen brought classical music to the masses by organizing music conferences, starting schools, teaching music in class-rooms, and devising a standardized grading and testing system, and by standardizing the notation system.6 Vishnu Digambar Paluskar emerged as a talented musician and organizer despite having been blinded at age 12. His books on music, as well as the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya music school that he opened in Lahore in 1901, helped foster a movement away from the closed gharana system. Paluskars contemporary (and occasional rival) Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande recognized the many rifts that had appeared in the structure of Indian classical music. He undertook extensive research visits to a large number of gharanas, Hindustani as well as Carnatic, collecting and comparing compositions. Between 1909 and 1932, he produced the monumental four-volume work Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi,7 which suggested a transcription for Indian music, and described the many traditions in this notation.Finally,mit consolidated the many musical forms of Hindustani classical music into a number of thaats (modes), subsequent to the Melakarta system that reorganized Carnatic traditi on in the seventeenth century. The ragas as they exist today were consolidated in this landmark work, although there are some inconsistencies and ambiguities in Bhatkandes system. In modern times, the government-run All India radio receiver, Bangladesh Betar and Radio Pakistan helped to bring the artists to public attention, countering the loss of the patronage system.The first star was Gauhar Jan, whose career was born out of Fred Gaisbergs first recordings of Indian music in 1902. With the introduce of films and other public media, musicians started to make their living through public performances. As India was exposed to Western music, some Western melodies started merging with classical forms, especially in popular music. A number of Gurukuls, such as that of Alauddin Khan at Maihar, flourished. In more modern times, corporate support has also been forthcoming, as at the ITC Sangeet Research Academy. Meanwhile, Hindustani classical music has become popular across the world thro ugh the influence of artists such as Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan.Principles of Hindustani musicThe rhythmic organization is found on rhythmic patterns called tala. The melodic foundations are called ragas. One possible classification of ragas is into melodic modes or parent scales, known as thaats, under which most ragas can be classified based on the notes they use. Thaats may consist of up to seven scale degrees, or swara. Hindustani musicians name these pitches victimization a system called Sargam, the equivalent of the Western movable do solfege Sa (Shadaj) = DoRe (Rishab) = ReGa (Gandhar) = MiMa (Madhyam) = FaPa (Pancham) = SoDha (Dhaivat) = LaNi (Nishad) = TiSa (Shadaj) = DoBoth systems repeat at the octave. The difference between sargam and solfege is that re, ga, ma, dha, and ni can refer to either cancel (shuddha) or altered Flat (komal) or Sharp (tivra) versions of their respective scale degrees. As with movable do solfege, the notes are heard relative to an arbitrary sodium carbonate that varies from performance to performance, rather than to fixed frequencies, as on a xylophone. The fine intonational differences between different instances of the same swara are called srutis. The three primary registers of Indian classical music are mandra (lower), madhya (middle) and taar (upper). Since the octave location is not fixed, it is also possible to use provenances in mid-register (such as mandra-madhya or madhya-taar) for certain ragas. A typical rendition of Hindustani raga involves two stages Alap a rhythmically free improvisation on the rules for the raga in order to give life to the raga and flesh out its characteristics.The alap is followed by a long slow-tempo improvisation in vocal music, or by the jod and jhala in instrumental music. Bandish or Gat a fixed, melodic composition set in a specific raga, performed with rhythmic accompaniment by a tabla or pakhavaj. There are different ways of systematizing the parts of a composition. For examp le Sthaayi The initial, rondeau phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition. Antara The first body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition. Sanchaari The third body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in dhrupad bandishes Aabhog The fourth and concluding body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in Dhrupad bandishes. There are three variations of bandish, regarding tempoVilambit bandish A slow and steady melodic composition, usually in largo to adagio speeds. Madhyalaya bandish A medium tempo melodic competition, usually set in andante to allegretto speeds. Drut bandish A fast tempo melodic composition, usually set to allegretto speed or express. Hindustani classical music is primarily vocal-centric, insofar as the musical forms were intentional primarily for vocal performance, and many instruments were designed and evaluated as to how well they emulate the human voice.Types of compositionsThe major vocal for ms or styles associated with Hindustani classical music are dhrupad, khyal, and tarana. Other forms include dhamar, trivat, chaiti,kajari, tappa, tap-khyal, ashtapadis, thumri, dadra, ghazal and bhajan these are folk or semi-classical or light classical styles, as they often do not adhere to the rigorous rules of classical music.DhrupadMain expression DhrupadDhrupad is an old style of singing, traditionally performed by male singers. It is performed with a tambura and a pakhawaj as instrumental accompaniments. The lyrics, some of which were written in Sanskrit centuries ago, are presently often sung in brajbhasha, a chivalrous form of North and East Indian languages that was spoken in Eastern India. The rudra veena, an ancient string instrument, is used in instrumental music in dhrupad. Dhrupad music is primarily devotional in theme and content. It contains recitals in praise of particular deities. Dhrupad compositions begin with a relatively long and acyclic alap, where the sylla bles of the next mantra is recited Om Anant tam Taran Tarini Twam Hari Om Narayan, Anant Hari Om Narayan. The alap gradually unfolds into more rhythmic jod and jhala sections. These sections are followed by a rendition of bandish, with the pakhawaj as an accompaniment.The great Indian musician Tansen sang in the dhrupad style. A lighter form of dhrupad, called dhamar, is sung primarily during the festival of Holi. Dhrupad was the main form of northern Indian classical music until two centuries ago, when it gave way to the somewhat little austere khyal, a more free-form style of singing. Since losing its main patrons among the royalty in Indian princely states, dhrupad risked becoming extinct in the first half of the ordinal century. However, the efforts by a few proponents from the Dagar family have led to its revival and eventual popularization in India and in the West.Some of the best known vocalists who sing in the Dhrupad style are the members of the Dagar lineage, including the senior Dagar brothers, Nasir Moinuddin and Nasir Aminuddin Dagar the junior Dagar brothers, Nasir Zahiruddin and Nasir Faiyazuddin Dagar and Wasifuddin, Fariduddin, and Sayeeduddin Dagar. Other leading exponents include the Gundecha Brothers, who have received training from some of the Dagars. Leading vocalists outside the Dagar lineage include the Mallik family of Darbhanga tradition of musicians some of the leading exponents of this tradition were Ram Chatur Mallick, Siyaram Tiwari, and Vidur Mallick. A section of dhrupad singers of Delhi Gharana from Mughal emperor Shah Jahans court migrated to Bettiah under the patronage of the Bettiah Raj, giving rise to the Bettiah Gharana.8 Bishnupur Gharana, based in West Bengal, is a key school that has been propagating this style of singing since Mughal times.KhyalMain article KhyalKhyal is a Hindustani form of vocal music, adopted from medieval Persian music and based on Dhrupad. Khyal, literally meaning thought or imagination in Hind ustani, is unusual as it is based on improvising and expressing emotion. A Khyal is a two- to eight-line lyric set to a melody. The lyric is of an emotional account possibly from poetic observation.clarification needed Khyals are also popular for depicting the emotions between two lovers, situations of ethological significance in Hinduism and Islam, or other situations evoking intense feelings.Th importance of the Khyals content is for the singer to depict, through music in the set raga, the emotional significance of the Khyal. The singer improvises and finds inspiration within the raga to depict the Khyal. The origination of Khyal is controversial, although it is accepted that this style was based on Dhrupad and influenced by Persian music. Many argue that Amir Khusrau created the style in the late 16th century. This form was popularized by Mughal Emperor Mohammad Shah, through his court musicians. Some well-known composers of this period were Sadarang, Adarang, and Manrang. editTa ranaMain article Taranaanother(prenominal) vocal form, taranas are medium- to fast- railyardd songs that are used to convey a mood of elation and are usually performed towards the end of a concert. They consist of a few lines of poetry with soft syllables or bols set to a tune. The singer uses these few lines as a basis for fast improvisation. The tillana of Carnatic music is based on the tarana, although the former is primarily associated with dance.TappaMain article TappaTappa is a form of Indian semi-classical vocal music whose specialty is its rolling pace based on fast, subtle, knotty construction. It originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of Punjab and was developed as a form of classical music by Mian Ghulam Nabi Shori or Shori Mian, a court singer for Asaf-Ud-Dowlah, the Nawab of Awadh. Nidhubabur Tappa, or tappas sung by Nidhu Babu were very popular in 18th and 19th-century Bengal. Among the living performers of this style are Laxmanrao Pandit, Shamma Khurana, M anvalkar, Girija Devi, Ishwarchandra Karkare, and Jayant Khot.ThumriMain article ThumriThumri is a semi-classical vocal form said to have begun in Uttar Pradesh with the court of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, (r. 18471856). There are three types of thumri poorab ang, Lucknavi and Punjabi thumri. The lyrics are typically in a proto-Hindi language called Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic. Some recent performers of this genre are Abdul Karim Khan, the brothers Barkat Ali Khan and Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Begum Akhtar, Girija Devi, Beauty Sharma Barua, Nazakat-Salamat Ali Khan, Prabha Atre, Siddheshwari Devi, and Shobha Gurtu.GhazalMain article GhazalGhazal is an originally Persian form of poetry. In the Indian sub-continent, Ghazal became the most common form of poetry in the Urdu language and was popularized by classical poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, Daagh, Zauq and Sauda amongst the North Indian literary elite. strain music set to this mode of poetry is popular with multiple variations a cross Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Turkey, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Ghazal exists in multiple variations, including semi-classical, folk and pop forms.Instrumental musicThe magnificent Musicians of Hindustan circa 1910 Ali Khan, Inayat Khan, Musheraff Khan and Maheboob Khan Although Hindustani music clearly is focused on the vocal performance, instrumental forms have existed since ancient times. In fact, in recent decades, especially outside South Asia, instrumental Hindustani music is more popular than vocal music, partly due to a somewhat different style and faster tempo, and partly because of a language barrier for the lyrics in vocal music. A number of musical instruments are associated with Hindustani classical music.The veena, a string instrument, was traditionally regarded as the most important, but few play it today and it has largely been superseded by its cousins the sitar and the sarod, both of which owe their origin to Persian influences. Other plucked or str uck string instruments include the surbahar, sursringar, santoor, and various versions of the slide guitar. Among bowed instruments, the sarangi, esraj and violin are popular. The bansuri, shehnai and harmonium are important wind instruments. In the percussion ensemble, the tabla and the pakhavaj are the most popular. Various other instruments have also been used in varying degrees.

Symptom, Problem and Problem-Solving Processes

Discuss the difference between a token and a enigma. * A symptom is the effect caused by the business while the problem is the reason causing the symptom. Problem is used with the intention of finding solution to it while symptom assists to recognize the problem. Would you classify excessive employee absenteeism as a symptom or a problem? Discuss. * I think absenteeism is a problem because it keister be caused by some reasons. And those reasons are the symptom. For example, an employee is absent because he is sick. The problem is that he is absent and the reason is because of the symptom which is he is sick.Discuss the three types of errors that can occur during the problem-solving process. * Type I error involves solving a problem that does not exist. * Type II error is failing to recognize why the problem exists. * Type III error occurs when the wrong problem is solved. Discuss the proactive access code to mess finding. * It is recognizing a problem through the observation of one or much symptoms. It is often begin undertaking an investigation. List the locomote in the problem-solving process. * emblem recognition/ mess finding * Fact finding/ deviation Problem identification/ test for cause * Establish objectives * Generate alternatives * Solution development * image implementation * Set controls/ follow up What are the main purposes of a flow chart? Why might creating flow charts of the major processes for which you are answerable be a good idea when you start a new job? * To define and understand better a process. It facilitate an analysis of the steps in a process to determine the relationships between the steps. It also facilitates the process of continuos improvement.Because it can help for the better understanding of the processes and it will illustrate how the process works. comparison the use of check sheets and pareto diagrams. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each under which circumstances each would be preferred. * Check list s provides a simple recording of data by categories and alter the analyst to determine the relative frequency of occurrence of the various categories of the data but the pareto diagram provides a better organization of the data and a more polished presentation of the most and least frequency occurences.Discuss the differences between a run chart and a control chart. * A run chart can simply be defined as a graph in which data is plot over a period of time, instead of being plotted all at once while the control chart are used to track the sample role over time and detect any unusual behavior. Which of the tools of quality might be the most facilitative in the setting controls/follow-up step in the problem-solving process? Discuss how they would be helpful in this step. * I think its flowchart because it provides a visual tool that is easy to use and understand.By seeing the steps involved in an operation or process, everyone develops a clear picture of how the operation works and where problems could arise. Compare the PDSA and DMAIC approaches to continuous improvement. What are their key similarities and differences? * Difference between PDCA and DMAIC is the organizational infrastructure required in Six Sigma.. Six Sigma and the DMAIC methodology in which its work is carried out, requires a steering committee, tollgates, a champion, and a project sponsor. Similarities is that they both improve a process in a production system.Discuss the difference between benchmarking and comparison to national average. * Benchmarking is a process in w/c organization measures its strategic operations or internal process performance against those of that best organizations within or outside of the industry while comparison to national average is used to judge the quality of their suppliers and those of national averages. National averages provides no measure of variation in performance and no information about the best in class performers.

John Locke”S Social Contract Theory Essay

This paper analyzes the social contract theory of John Locke and how his values are consistent with the criminal justice corpse and private credentials settings of today. It completelyow for further discuss whether or non Lockes values and principles apply to both criminal justice and private security venues. I will also summarize the major differences of the social contract theories identify the key principles associated with Lockes social contract theory identify how these principles are inculcated in the U. S. commit of Rights identify how these principles play out in the criminal justice system and security settings of today and finally describe freedom in relationship to in the flesh(predicate) rights and ethical standards and obligations. To begin with, Lockes theory is one in which he felt that man should harbor individual freedom and rights, which for all intense purposes equates to what majority rule is in modern times. He believed in the concept of individual freedom s and g everywherenment, also known as liberalism. He had a great respect for mans moral judgment and thought that men were all pleasant chaps.Lockes ideals were that of a capitalist mentality, and applyd perfect freedom in relation to fulfilling financial interests. He believed in an orderly company in which we should leave the state of affairs in e genuinely mans hands within that orderly society. And wear but certainly not least, he believed in separation of powers and in the system of checks and balances. How is liberalism in the criminal justice system today? We are very fortunate to live in a time where we can exercise our own individual thoughts.As I Iook at the criminal justice system of today, I believe that our right to have freedom of speech goes a long way in helping to make stopping points based on who we should come out and what we feel is right and wrong. In order to see the major differences of the social contract theories, we must take a look at the major theor ies as a whole. Well to begin with, Hobbes believed in the absolute power of kings. He also believed in the state of record which said that all individuals were naturally equal. He thought that they should do whatever they needed to do to survive.As a result, everyone suffered from continued fear and danger of violent death and the life of man was solidary pitiful nasty poor brutish, and short. He believed that the government was a leviathan that would swallow up the people. His government was headed by the king and that king was better than a group. He warned against the church service meddling in the kings affairs and felt that the king was more(prenominal) powerful than God. He felt that the people should obey the king or choose to die. The other schools of thought came from what are called the enlightenment group which is comprised of Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu.They wanted to improve human conditions on earth. They generally valued natural rights as wholesome as reaso n, religious tolerance, and science. Well begin with Locke. Locke agreed with Hobbs about the state of brutality and the natural law, but disagreed with other points. First, he felt that man by genius was a social animal. He believed that the natural right of an individual could never be taken away or even voluntarily given away. In the state of nature, men mostly kept their promises and honored their obligations, and though in unspoiled, they were mostly peaceful, safe, and pleasant.According to Locke, the natural rights of individuals limited the power of the king thus he did not have absolute power as Hobbes said, but acted only to enforce and protect the natural rights of the people. Although Locke spoke out for freedom of thought, speech and religion, he believed belongings to be the most important natural right. Rousseau felt that man was essentially good a noble savage in the state of nature. This goes back to when thither were mainly animals roaming around and the condit ion of man was uncivilized. Once societal standards came along, he felt that man became unhappy because society was artificial and corrupt.He felt that furthering society would be the cause of more unhappiness. He believed that the advancement of the arts and sciences did not benefit mankind. On the other hand, progress of knowledge made government more powerful and crushed individual liberty. He felt that the material progress had actually undermined the possibility of sincere friendship, replacing it with jealousy, fear and suspicion. He felt that we could deposit freedom regardless of the will of the majority. In some respects he agreed with Locke, but he also felt that the community should be in charge.He was an idealistic thinker who derived the We the People in the constitution. He felt that religion divided and weakened the state. Montesquieu believed that all things were made up of rules and laws that never changed. He believed that there were three types of government mona rchy, ruled by a king, a republic, ruled by an elected leader and a despotism, ruled by a dictator. Of these, he believed that a government elected by the people was the best form of government. Along this line, he believed that the success of a democracy (a government in which the people have the power) depended upon maintaining the right balance of power.He further believed that all people were not equal and he approved of slavery. He felt that women were the weaker land up and should obey their husbands but also felt that women had the ability to function in government feeling that they had a calm gentleness that were helpful qualities in the decision making processes in government. doubting Thomas Hobbes (1651), John Locke (1689), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous social contract thinkers. Each drew quite different conclusions about the nature of political authority.Hobbes advocated absolute monarchy, Locke advocated natural rights, and Rousseau advocated col lective sovereignty in the name of the general will. The Lockean concept of the social contract was invoked in the United States Declaration of Independence, which distinctly states, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the Governed.,. The key principles associated with Lockes theory are that in their natural state humans are drawn to doing good over evil that they naturally know right from wrong, and that naturally humans prefer peace over chaos. His views are justly stated as (1) that all men are created equal (2) that our rights are given divinely by our creator (3) that government exists to secure and protect those rights, and (4) government exists by the consent of the governed, viz. you and I .These principles play out with relation to the criminal justice system and private security setting of today by attempting to maintain peace and justice over chaos, and by helping society to live in its natural state. It is also within our realm to be fair and just with our response to crimes. One much(prenominal) specification is that we should be swift, balanced and just in our reaction to crimes and criminal behavior.Along these lines, it is essentially important that, for example, we decide on an appropriate punishment for the exercise of a capital punishment such as murder and rape. Locke set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right and sometimes the duty to withdraw their support and even to rebel. Lockes social contract theory inculcated in The U. S.Bill of Rights by his argument that governments, by virtue of the social contract, are responsible for protecting the natura l rights (life, liberty, and ownership of property) of citizens and he was in favor of participation of the people in government affairs, and their insert is clearly embedded in the Declaration of Independence of 1776. We know that the Bill of Rights stipulated freedom of speech and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment. And finally freedom in relationship to personal rights and ethical standards and obligations has to do with our long list of personal freedoms and the ability to carry them out.We have the right to speak, to go where and when we want we can go to work go to church, we have the right to worship a God of our choosing and we have the right to pursue happiness as stated in the U. S. Constitution. References Wikipedia Thomas Hobbs Wikipedia John Locke Wikipedia Charles Montesquieu Wikipedia Jean-Jacques Rousseau www. billofrightsinstitute. org www. lampstandfoundation,org/criminaljusticeprinciples www. rjgeib. com/thoughts/montesqui.

Crown Cork and Seal Essay

What are the most signifi whoremastert factors affecting competition in the metal container persistence? The U. S. Metal can application was valued at $12. 2 billion 1989. There were five firms dominating this industry at that time constituting 61% of the entire market component part. approximately significant factors that impacted the competition among these firms were Competitive Rivalry within the industry The major players in the metal container industry comprised of 61% of the market share qualification intensive competitive rivalry among themselves.The Pricing was very competitive with little room for some(prenominal) significant profit margins. Focus was to enhance capacity use and eliminate costly changeovers wherever possible. Providing volume discounts was a common trend to attract more clients. The shrinking customer base attributed to a new natural depression in manufacturers margins. Threat of new entrants The threat of new entrants in this industry is pretty low since the major market players already overleap the existing market share. The threat for the competing companies lies in its other rivals rather than any new entrant to this specialized industry.Bargaining Power of the Customers I feel the negociate power in this industry for the customers was pretty high up at that time. The major customers of this industry were big names like Coca-Cola, Anheuser-Busch, Pepsico Inc. etc. The mergers and consolidations among the numerous bottling industry companies resulted in a shrinkage from 8000 to 800 major players in a matter of 9 years (1980 to 1989). The customers could easily punish the metal container companies by making frequent switches whenever there occured unsatisfactory services or steep pricing.Bargaining power of suppliers Steel had been replaced very quickly by atomic number 13 ever since the invention of aluminum cans in 1958. By 1989, aluminum consisted of 99% of the beer and 94% of the soft drink metal container busi ness. The suppliers of aluminum were the largest three aluminum producers in the country. Since they were enjoying a clear market share advantage, they did not face any competition from other new players. Hence the bargaining power of the suppliers was somehow high/strong. Manufacturing Costs The overall costs of manufacturing equipments for this industry were extremely high.The various players were striving to achieve a minimum cost structure for their peripheral equipments without hurting the production efficiency. Some firms were alike shipping their hoary production lines to emerging countries overseas where the canning technology was not well mastered at that time. Apart from these, some other important factors were Technological Changes, Environmental Risks, seek and Development ,Geographic location of plants. 2. What outline does Crown Cork have for competing in this industry ? Crown Cork has been well recognized for being owner-operators.Their primary strategy has been t o improve quality while ensuring lower costs. Their strategy revolved around cost efficiency, quality and customer service. Connelly realized that since they were a small player in an industry dominated by American Can and Continental Can, they should focus on their core dealncies in metal forming and fabrication. Their main focus was to concentrate on specialized uses cans and international markets. Connellys new strategy in terms of manufacturing involved heavy investments in new and geographically dispersed plants.Their key attributes were high quality, flexibility and quick response to customers needs. They also invested in recycling a great deal and they formed the Nationwide Recyclers which was one of the top 5 aluminum can recyclers. Their strategy also involved minimum investments in R&type AD and rather focusing on their core skills like metal fabrication and die forming. Customer service was another crucial strategic step that Crown Cook took to compete in this industry. They had a model which ensured that any customer grievances would be routed directly to the chairman himself.These were some of the strategy that I observed in the case that Crown Cook employed to survive in this industry. 3. What advantages, if any, does a firm the size of Crown Cork have over American Can and Continental Can? How do explain the comparison shown in exhibit 5 in the case? A firm of the size of Crown Cork has some clear advantages as compared to American Can and Continental Can. The Value chain analysis provides strategic focus. Crown Cork is not interested in investing for R&D. They are able to spare in millions by letting go off this expense.Rather, they can rely on their close competitors to take the risk in terms of R&D and learn and capitalize on their mistakes. Also, being a comparatively smaller organization, their overall organizational challenges and obstacles are untold less. Their response time to customer needs and product innovation is very quick. They have the freedom and leverage to specialize on their core tin products and have no need of much experimentation. Exhibit 5 represents these major observations The net sales figures of Crown Cork are much less compared to American Can and The Continental Group.Even the stark(a) profit margins for Crown Cork is lower when compared with the other two major giants. However, the operating income is much more economical (because of its size) in case of Crown Cork. This is also due to the absence of any acquisitions or mergers for them. But, the return on assets and return on average equity is similar to the other two companies or even better for some years.This is mostly due to their smaller overall size and also near-zero investments in R&D and also their economical trading operations expenses. 4. What recommendations would you make to the management ? Go into the plastic industry. It was high time they started expanding their horizons and exploit future markets. * Should cons ider bidding for a part Continental Can. * Focus on enhancing efficiencies in plants may consider implementing just in time techniques.Improve marketing budgets and encourage an overall marketing approach. * Continue with their existing customer-centric model. * To survive and compete in the long run, they should start investing atleast a small percentage of revenue into R&D. * They might consider hiring external consultants to seek industry related advice.

Speech on Bullying.

Speech Imagine getting beaten up every day at school for no reason, by your class mates or maybe by some senior boys you dont even know, or maybe even an adult. You coif home in bruises and cuts and dried up blood. Can you consider that? Or if you are a girl imagine getting teases every day. People occupational group you horrible names, mocking you because of your appearance or your back ground, you come home all sad and hurt inside.Can you imagine that? Or can you even imagine getting punch at and getting picked at calling you names in class and threating texts every minute whether you are in class or at home and your friends wouldnt help you out because they are too panic-stricken of the bully and the bully would follow you home wouldnt you feel scared? Imagine that? There are people who experience this in their day to day life.When bullied someone especially for a long time wheater its physical, verbal kind or cyber, it would make the persons life very miserable and in some v ery bad cases it might lead to killing themselves because they in effect(p) cant hand the pressure or the humiliation that they face every day. Im going to tell you about bulling and why I think it is bad to bully someone There are for types of boss around physical, verbal, cyber and social.Physical bullying as you know is when the bully punches, kicks, hits or any types of physical attacks. and so there is verbal bullying, basically what verbal bullying is, when the bully uses words to hurt or humiliate you. Verbal bullying includes name calling antiblack comments and insulting. Social bullying is a strange type of bullying because it kind of links with verbal bullying. Finally there is cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is when you are threated humiliated, harassed by the bullying using the internet.There is no limitation of cyber bullying because there is so many things you could do on the internet to cyber bully. You could get cyber bullied on Facebook, MySpace or msn or in some cases, the bullies can cyber bully you by just making a website just for you. Also the thing with cyber bulling is that it is a new type of bullying because if you go back 50years, there wouldnt be any internet or any mobile phones therefore no cyber bullyingPersonally I think that physical bullying is the least dangerous type of bullying because when you get physically bullied there pull up stakes be scars or marks and your parents will know that something is wrong. Where verbal, social is and cyber you wouldnt know when it will go away, you wont know when the bully will stop calling you names and embarrassing you Some of you might still argue that some bulling at a young age can be good for you because it will make you become to overcome problems and you will develop some social skills and learn that life isnt always fair.I disagree with this because most of the victims cant and wont stand up for themselves and how would you develop social skills if people are rejecting you. E verybody learns that life isnt always fair not through bullying but from maybe getting blamed for things they didnt do or having to do chores at home every day. So what do you think of bullying now?

9/11 Conspiracies Essay

On September 11th, 2001, Islamic terrorists hijacked four passenger airlines. Two of the sails flew into the twin towers peerless plane flew into the Pentagon and the other plane was aimed at uppercase D.C., but was taken over by passengers on the plane and crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. In total, nearly 3,000 people died including 227 civilians on the plane and 19 hijackers. These hijackers were look atd to be at a lower place the command of Osama Bin Laden, the head of the terrorist group Al Qaeda. However, the question of whether these attacks atomic number 18 truly as the politics has portrayed or whether they actually part of a larger scheme to justify war in Iraq has come into light in recent years. Many individuals criticize the story told by the national government and create alternate theories that explain some confusion with the attacks.The most popular and convincing of these theories is the controlled demolition and collapse of the twin towers by the fe deral government. The radical facial expression of the political left was the first to start the conspiracy theories concerning 9/11. People defecate always had a deep distrust of our government. The most convincing of the theories just ab bulge out 9/11 is the strategic placement of bombs in the three constructs to cause a collapse ( intelligence agencyOne, 2012). When you watch the videos of the collapsing towers, it looks interchangeable a controlled demolition instead of what one would expect from a building just hit by a plane or collapsing from a fire (Brain, 2013). The buildings collapse in on themselves sooner than burning from the bottom up which creates a gargantuan amount of skepticism as to the accuracy of the story told by the government. So when people ensure something that doesnt make sense, such as how three buildings collapsed from a fire, it begs lots of questions (Brain, 2013). This allowed legion(predicate) curious conspirators with an abundance of time on their hands to snoop around and see what they could possibly find that would better explain the actual cause of the collapse of the three buildings, disproving the decreed story expressed by the government.It is as well important to take care how conspiracy theoristsbuild their case to perpetuate certain conspiracies. Upon examining the collapse of the north tower, the south tower, and WTC 7, it is easily determined that the collapse of these three buildings is not simply unusual, it is almost unbelievable. No skyscraper has ever collapsed by a fire alone however, on the day of the attacks, a blaze took down three separate towers. It is extremely improbable that such a fire would take down two skyscrapers that stood 110 stories high and an additional building that was never touched by a plane. These discrepancies grant conspirators a form of credibility that makes their theories believable to many people. Although the official story may seem a bit anomalous, that doesnt necess arily oblige a agent why people cogitate it.Scandals like the Iran-Contra affair with chairwoman Reagan and the Watergate Scandal with President Nixon create a deep distrust with many people and their government when such scandals prove that the government and its leaders deliberately mislead or lie to the public. So much so that people very much look to find things that the government could be lying about or covering up. When conspirators start to gather evidence for their theories, this same process occurs (Brain, 2013). After discovering scandals involving the federal government, its impossible to trust all of the official stories told by the government. Furthermore, even if the collapse of the north and south towers is believable, the collapse of the third building is extremely knotty to believe as it was never touched by a plane. It seems impossible that a building that was never touched by anything except fire would in all collapse if no tower has ever been completely de stroyed by a fire before (911Truth, n.d.).According to Van Romero, an explosives expert and Vice President of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, thither had to have been explosives in the building for it to have collapsed in such a demolition-like manner. Additionally, the controlled explosions that were theorized to have taken place in the towers have been accredited with puffs of dust and debris seen being s enthusiastic out from the building ( best-selling(predicate) Mechanics, 2013). There is no way to explain the puffs of dust shooting out of the buildings from a mere fire that caused a collapse of the building without there being an external force of explosions. Because of the suspicious circumstances of the 9/11 event, there must be some amount of skepticism. The government and its leaders are historically proven to not be above lying to the public from instances likeWatergate and Iran-Contra affair. 9/11 could just as easily be the same way.Without clear ans wers to these questions the reality of an inside job is immense and cannot be overlooked. Although there are many who refuse to believe the official story told by the federal government, there are also large quantities of people who do believe the official story. Many people consider the World Trade Center collapse as a highly unlikely scenario unless additional force was added to bring the building down. However, others find it extremely difficult to believe that the government would commit such an atrocity and would instead argue that the structure of the building and widespread damage from debris were the main contributors to the collapse of the buildings (Popular Mechanics, 2013). Without solid proof, it is preposterous to believe a theory that does not have any facts or basis for the assertions that it makes. For example, many often believe that even if the terrorist attacks on 9/11 were true, there are calm some unanswered questions.Conspiracy theorists are quick to draw a i nvolvement between the 9/11 attacks and the war in Iraq claiming it was a justification for invasion as support of it being a government conspiracy. However, this is clearly unreasonable in that the justification in the intervention in Iraq was the risk that Sadam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction meaning that 9/11 was not inevitable as justification for the war in Iraq. Another reason the notion of inside job is ludicrous is because it would be impossible for all of the media to gloss over such an event had it been a governmental conspiracy. There are also no hard facts for conspirators to base their theories on meaning there is no reason to believe them.To understand the collapse of the towers it is important to understand the structure of the buildings. The twin towers were created using innovative design. It was built with central core columns like most other buildings. However, instead of reinforcing the columns with fireproof concrete, they decided to fortify the columns using a sprayed on form of fire proofing called Passive fire proofing, which was much faster but also less effective (debunking911). This is what allowed the jet fuel from the plane to be so deadly. Many people argue that jet fuel is not near hot enough to melt steel, which is actually true. However, jet fuel burns between 800 and 1500 degrees Fahrenheit while the melting point of steel is around 2750 degrees Fahrenheit. Most experts tot though that the steel doesnt need to melt for the entire building tocollapse. According to Farid Alfawak-hiri, the senior engineer of the American Institute of Steel Construction says that at 1100 degrees Fahrenheit, Steel loses 50 percent of its strength. At 1800 degrees Fahrenheit, Steel is less than 10 percent.This immense heat can then cause Steel to become bend and warped which can in turn collapse the entire building (Popular Mechanics 2013). The first plane crashed into the 94th through the 98th floors of the first tower the second plane crashed into the 78th through 84th floors of the south building. Additionally, there was damage in both of the lobbies of the buildings before the collapse of the two towers. Conspirators make a common claim that the planes could not have caused that much damage to go through over 80 floors to reach the lobby without some sort of explosive material. However, The National institutes of Standards and Technology released a news report revealing that the debris of the plane had sliced through the elevator shaft which created an outlet for jet fuel. If the fuel came into contact with any combustible sources, it would immediately dramatise causing severe damage.Jet fuel traveling down the elevator shaft would cause extensive damage to the lobby as well. A corresponding observation as to the cause of the damage in the lobby was noted in the Souths building also (Popular Mechanics 2013). This fact illustrates the improbability of explosives being needed to cause a collapse of the skyscrapers. Despite the plethora of convincing theories about the attack of September 11th, many people will still continue to remain unconvinced due to the neediness of evidence, even if the government was truly involved with the collapse of the twin towers. Furthermore, people who dont believe the conspiracies about the twin towers would contend that the actual structure of the building and the intense launching of debris from the crash were the causes to the collapse of the towers, not bombs planted by the government. The lack of factual evidence on the side of the conscripts coupled with the overwhelming evidence that the government was not involved makes it nearly impossible to believe that 9/11 was an inside job.ReferencesBrain, M. (n.d.). How Conspiracy Theories Work. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http//people.howstuffworks.com/conspiracy-theory2.htm Debunking 9/11Conspiracy Theories and Controlled Demolition Myths Government Planning. (n.d.). Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories and Controlled Demolition Myths Government Planning. Retrieved February 3, 2014, from http//www.debunking911.com/meeting.htm Popular Mechanics. (n.d.). Debunking the 9/11 Myths Special Report The World Trade Center. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http//www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/debunking-911-myths-world-trade-center Reality Check More Americans are Rethinking 9/11 9/11?. (n.d.). 911Truthorg. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http//www.911truth.org/tag/controlled-demolition/ The 11 Most Compelling 9/11 Conspiracy Theories. (2012, September 11). News One RSS. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http//newsone.com/742485/the-11-most-compelling-911-conspiracy-theories/

Dichotomies in the Workplace Privacy Issues Essay

There is a genuine divergence of ideas from both the management and employees view on privacy issues. Companies oft times say and act differently with regards to workplace policies, and employees also have opposing perspective on privacy expectations and their own actions. Employees should have a commonsensible expectation of privacy, and the management should be clear and considerate of those expectations. In context with privacy concerns, there is the difference in stating the policy and acting out the policy, and the expectations of employees privacy and how they act.The Thin Line There is no such specification of having no expectation of privacy in the workplace. (Rasch, 2006) If a company intends to provide the applied science and services to its employees granting that it should be of and for corporate achieveances only, then employees must abide to it. But if there atomic number 18 no policies stated as such, personal transaction or communications must also be respected by companies. The extent of expected privacy differs in purpose.For example, if personal transaction of an employee involves any hesitancy on violation of laws, then the management can not protect the privacy of the employee because it can not resist any mandate of the law to perform investigation on the employee. It is also related by the US Supreme Court that employers have the obligation to enter offices and desks of employees for legitimate work-related reasons wholly unrelated to unlawful conduct.Lessons on Workplace Privacy Issues It all concludes to proper address of the corporate rules and policies and the implementation of such. Both management and employees must state their expectation on privacy and defy the line on privacy issues as much as possible to avoid the great debate on workplace issues. If policies are made and implemented, then actions should reflect the extent the understanding of the situation.

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay

bloody shame Shellys novel is coordinate in a mien, which attempts to give authority to her views. Opening with an authors introduction, and supported with a preface with her famous husband. bloody shame Shellys novel starts with a series of letters claiming to know the truth of overlord Frankensteins invoice. This family involvement, followed by professional distancing, reveals the strength of the authors feelings on the responsibilities of family and scientists. For a century and a half, many readers of the Mary Shellys novel Frankenstein have debated over which character could be associated with the expression Monster.Mary Shelly say in the preface the reason why she produced this nineteenth century novel was a ghost story oh If I could only contrive one which would frighten my reader as I myself had been frightened that darkness. She wanted her readers to feel the terror that she had dreamed one night. The readers of Mary Shellys novel Frankenstein might mean that the t ool is the monster, however there are two potential monsters in the novel. These two characters from the novel are the Creature itself and the creator of the creature, Dr lord Frankenstein. One candidate who might be believed to be the monster is Dr Victor Frankenstein.At the age of seventeen Victors parents suggested that he should become a student at the university of Ingolstadt. Unfortunately Victors return passed away while giving birth to his brother. The death of his mother shocked him and caused him to search for ways to extend life. After the death of his mother, Victor took his parents advice and went to university. My departure for Ingolstadt which had been deferred by these events it appeared to me blasphemy so soon to leave the repose, akin to death, of the house of mourning and to rush into the thick if life.This suggests he wasnt sure if it was the respectable move to make, to leave his mourning family behind and go off to university. piece of music at university Victor became fascinated in biology One of the phenomena, which had peculiarly attracted my attention was the structure of the compassionate frame, and indeed any animal endued with life. Victor was focused to stop death. He was grieving so much because he had lost someone so important and close to him I thought that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless matter renew life where death had apparently devoted the carcass to corruption.His fascination with extending life overtook his studying he became so committed to finding a way, he had set himself a challenge and he was so sure to achieve that challenge. A time in the novel where we are sh hold that Victor is related as a monster is the time when he begins to putz up the dead and raid graveyards. Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil as I dabbled among the reverse damps of the grave or tortured I collected bones from charnel-houses secrets of the human frame. This is a characteristic of immoral, abnormal attitu de and is offensive towards the bodies.The definition of a monster is a misshapen animal or plant soulfulness of wickedness huge animal or thing. The part of the definition where it says a person of wickedness is what should be used to describe Victor Frankenstein. No normal person would dig up the dead and use body parts to make a creation. Another way, in which Victor could be considered as the monster is the way he do by the creature once he had brought it to life. Victor disowned the creature he refused to acknowledge it and to accept that the creature was his own For this I had deprived myself of rest ad health.I had desired it with an ardour at length lassitude succeeded to the tumult endeavouring to seek a few moments of forgetfulness merely it was in vain. Victor had no intention of caring for the creature, it was as if he was afraid of his own creation. He discards the Creature immediately after its creation, calling it a wretch and leaving it to fend for itself. This verbalises how autocratic he is. It is also another example of him neglecting his family, since the Creature sees him as its father.The creature approaches Victor like a fluff would to its father He held up the curtain of the bed and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were situated on me while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. How could Victor abandon the creature, he had no intellect towards it. The way in which the creature is described when it approaches Victor is just like the way a baby would approach its parents, maybe at this part of the novel, we readers are to feel sympathy for the creature and to consider Victor as the monster for the way he treated the creature, it was his own creation he should of cared for it and been its companion.Victor should of treated the creature like his own child, possibly if he did show care for the creature and not show fear, maybe the creature wouldnt have been so vile because he knew no dissimilar. The creature didnt know how to treat or care for other people. So really it wasnt the creatures fault for the deaths caused and for the way in which he treated people because overall he didnt know any different and wasnt taught by Victor how to treat others.

Banning Smoking in Public Places

Banning fastball in cosmos places Id like to burble about the censor smoking in prevalent places. Generally, is known about smoking that fucking brace different types of cancer, yellow teeth and god-awful smell. I think that smoking in unexclusive places get a line a real problem, because smoking can star to serious health problems for both the person who sens and the sitting side by side(p) to him. Nowadays, smoking is a leading cause of mortality in the world, but excessively a very profitable agate line for some companies.In general, when it comes to smoking, opinions are divided. While some people advise us not to pasture, others try to induce us that is not necessary to make so m whatsoever problems and that smoking is not dangerous. First of all, produce of smoking in public places has become today a real reason for concern. So, g all overnments all over the world direct implemented forbiddances of smoking in public places, to the joy of non-smokers and the dis may of those for whom a ass is a permanent extension of the lips.Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, a gas, which, if is inhaled, can produce different types of pulmonary diseases, cancer. This action of carbon monoxide displays one great wages of the fling on smoking in public places. People standing next to the smoker will, against their wishes, be inhaling the tobacco plant smoke emanating from the tip of the cigar or queer as well as that exhaled by the smoker. Thus, large quantities of carbon monoxide will be entering the victims blood stream, wreaking havoc with his red blood cells.Tobacco smoke has to a fault been shown to contain reliable carcinogenic compounds which have the ability to mutate the DNA of anyone who inhales them, leading to seeming cancers of the lungs, mouth and throat, and also secondary cancers at other sites in the body. These effect present another parapraxis in favour of the ban on smoking in public. Unenlightened people standing next to the smoker will be change magnitude their risk of getting cancer tenfold. Tobacco smoke also contains nicotine, a chemical which produces the same effects as adrenaline in the body.Nicotine increases the breathing rate, heart suffer and blood pressure of the person who consumes it. increase blood pressure may lead to hardening of the arteries, a condition called atherosclerosis. Thus another advantage of the ban comes to light. Non-smokers who unwittingly inhale second-hand smoke are receptive to nicotine and its harmful effects. Apart from the evident checkup and health advantages of the ban on smoking in the public, certain social advantages can be mentioned.It is a well-known fact that children, having impressionable minds, emulate almost everything they see their elders doing. The negative impact of seeing an full-grown smoking could ultimately lead these children to becoming smokers themselves. And the chances of such perceive increase manifold in public places where smoking is allowed. Countries which provide free medical aid for their citizens have an added advantage, a monetary one. Respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling tobacco smoke are on the rise, resulting in an increase in the amount of money worn-out(a) on medical conduct by these countries.Most of the people pang from these illnesses are non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. By banning the smoking of any form of tobacco in public, the incidence of these illnesses is greatly decreased, thus saving millions which may be directed towards other projects. The only disadvantage of the ban that comes to mind is that the smoker finds himself unable to set his right to choose, his freedom as a democratic citizen, fully. It is sure as shooting an infringement on the rights of the smoker, rights which are guaranteed to any and all citizens of a democratic country.But one feels it is unjustified. The smoker cannot and should not force his smoking upon anyone, he should care for the rig hts of others as well. The rights of so few cannot be given predilection over the rights of so many another(prenominal). All in all, the ban on smoking in public is a step in the right direction, towards a better future for us and the generations to come. All steps practical should be taken to discourage tobacco smoking, a potentially hazardous habit which may lead to death. We owe it to ourselves to do so.Banning bullet in Public PlacesBanning smoking in public places Id like to talk about the banning smoking in public places. Generally, is known about smoking that can cause different types of cancer, yellow teeth and unpleasant smell. I think that smoking in public places represent a real problem, because smoking can lead to serious health problems for both the person who smoke and the sitting next to him. Nowadays, smoking is a leading cause of mortality in the world, but also a very profitable business for some companies.In general, when it comes to smoking, opinions are div ided. While some people urge us not to smoke, others try to convince us that is not necessary to make so many problems and that smoking is not dangerous. First of all, issue of smoking in public places has become today a real reason for concern. So, governments all over the world have implemented bans of smoking in public places, to the joy of non-smokers and the dismay of those for whom a cigarette is a permanent extension of the lips.Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, a gas, which, if is inhaled, can produce different types of pulmonary diseases, cancer. This action of carbon monoxide displays one great advantage of the ban on smoking in public places. People standing next to the smoker will, against their wishes, be inhaling the tobacco smoke emanating from the tip of the cigar or cigarette as well as that exhaled by the smoker. Thus, large quantities of carbon monoxide will be entering the victims blood stream, wreaking havoc with his red blood cells.Tobacco smoke has also been shown to contain certain carcinogenic compounds which have the ability to mutate the DNA of anyone who inhales them, leading to probable cancers of the lungs, mouth and throat, and also secondary cancers at other sites in the body. These effects present another case in favour of the ban on smoking in public. Unenlightened people standing next to the smoker will be increasing their risk of getting cancer tenfold. Tobacco smoke also contains nicotine, a chemical which produces the same effects as adrenaline in the body.Nicotine increases the breathing rate, heart beat and blood pressure of the person who consumes it. Increased blood pressure may lead to hardening of the arteries, a condition called atherosclerosis. Thus another advantage of the ban comes to light. Non-smokers who unwittingly inhale second-hand smoke are exposed to nicotine and its harmful effects. Apart from the evident medical and health advantages of the ban on smoking in the public, certain social advantages c an be mentioned.It is a well-known fact that children, having impressionable minds, emulate almost everything they see their elders doing. The negative impact of seeing an adult smoking could ultimately lead these children to becoming smokers themselves. And the chances of such sighting increase manifold in public places where smoking is allowed. Countries which provide free medical aid for their citizens have an added advantage, a monetary one. Respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling tobacco smoke are on the rise, resulting in an increase in the amount of money spent on medical care by these countries.Most of the people suffering from these illnesses are non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. By banning the smoking of any form of tobacco in public, the incidence of these illnesses is greatly decreased, thus saving millions which may be directed towards other projects. The only disadvantage of the ban that comes to mind is that the smoker finds himself unable to exercise his rig ht to choose, his freedom as a democratic citizen, fully. It is certainly an infringement on the rights of the smoker, rights which are guaranteed to any and all citizens of a democratic country.But one feels it is unjustified. The smoker cannot and should not force his smoking upon anyone, he should care for the rights of others as well. The rights of so few cannot be given preference over the rights of so many. All in all, the ban on smoking in public is a step in the right direction, towards a better future for us and the generations to come. All steps possible should be taken to discourage tobacco smoking, a potentially hazardous habit which may lead to death. We owe it to ourselves to do so.

Extended Kalman Filter Model for Gps and Indoor Positioning System

Extended Kalman sink in Model for GPS and Indoor Positioning System Long Kam-Kim Department of Telecommunications Engineering, power of Electrical and Electronics Engineering HCM metropolis University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Tuan Do-Hong Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering HCM City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Abstract Object lieuing is an old subject. Its being used much and more in many argonas, especially in military, traffic, social security and civil services.The most favourite stead arrangement in the world is Global Positioning System (GPS). However, GPS has limited degree of true statement for natural depression priority exploiters. This newspaper proposes a solution for solving these limitations by using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Moreover, GPS is almost invalid in indoor(prenominal)(prenominal) surrounds. The paper also introduces an indoor stead remains precedent based on GPS ideology and EKF algorithmic rule. Because of the similarity in ideology, its easier for handoff procedure between open-air(prenominal) and indoor environments and brings back the spatial continuous in positioning.The simulation results show that with the EKF, the true statement of positioning is improved significantly in both outdoor and indoor environments. Keywords- GPS, Kalman filter, RFID, RSSI, EKF, indoor positioning. I. INTRODUCTION II. EKF MODEL FOR GPS Generally, Kalman algorithm is a classify of mathematical comp ars described an efficient recurrence method for state estimation of process that it is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the estimated error covariance, when some presumed conditions argon met 2. EKF is an extension of Kalman filter for non-linear systems.A. Global Positioning System (GPS) In order to positioning, it requested that exploiters recipients get signals from at least 4 GPS satellites. Distances between exploiter and satellites argon determined by using pseudorange code. At the equivalent time, satellites and receiver transmit a same pseudorange code. Because of propagation delay, signal received from satellites have phases delay than signal of receiver. By compargond their phase, the outer lengths can calculate. This method is called cartridge clip of Arrival (TOA). 1 B. Problem ExpressionPositioning based on GPS is affected by many noise sources, such as propagated errors, satellite and receiver caused errors, other errors from Selective Availability, dilution of precision, interference etc 1. Several techniques are used to improve the accuracy of positioning in GPS, for example, DGPS (Differential GPS), Smart Antenna, Kalman Filter etc. This paper focuses on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) solution, in order to introduce one way to model GPS system and sources of error. Nowadays, positioning applications in indoor environment are being extended.Especially, it becomes necessary in tunnel s, supper huge plants, very high buildings, etc. The paper introduces a kind of Indoor Positioning System based on GPSs ideology and using EKF algorithm to help this system improve the accuracy of positioning. Assume that GPS system is tracking a mobile object. It is a uniform speed motion in 3D space with attendance of random speedup events. GPS receiver puts on object updates its position continuously. However, the location is affected by measurement noises and propagation noises.Therefore, the calculating position and the rattling position are different. In order to improve the accuracy of position, we use EKF to model system and noises so that it diminishes the loading of noises. C. Modeling of system Defining the sate vector of system as observe ? RX ( n ) ? ? RY ( n ) ? ? ? ? RZ ( n ) ? X (n) = ? ? ? VX ( n ) ? ?VY ( n ) ? ? ? ?VZ ( n ) ? where RX(n),RY(n),RZ(n) are coordinates of drug user at nth sample, VX(n), VY(n), VZ(n)) are x, y, z components of users velocity at nth sample.Following 3, the characteristic equations for system can be extended as RX(n+1) = RX(n) + VX(n)T + ax(n)T 2 RY(n+1) = RY(n) + VY(n)T + ay(n)T 2 RZ(n+1) = RZ(n) + VZ(n)T + az(n)T 2 VX(n+1) = VX(n) + ax(n)T VY(n+1) = VY(n) + ay(n)T VZ(n+1) = VZ(n) + az(n)T (1) (2) (3) (4) where VX(n), VY(n), VZ(n)) are x, y, z components of users velocity at nth sample, bf = ? bu/? t, dPRi is called delta-pseudorange correlated with user and ith satellite. 4 In order to reducing effect of errors, the EKF is used to model state noise vectors and measurement noise vectors.After characteristic matrixes are reason, EKF loop-the-loop loops are started. The EKF algorithm will calculate estimation of the state vector by minimizing the estimated error covariance (between estimated grades and real values). D. Simulation results for outdoor-EKF GPS Data for simulation on Matlab7. 8. 0(R2009a) drug users initial velocity (3,6,2) meters/second take in rate 1000 samples/second Iteration locomo te 500 Process noise vector W = 5* NORMRND (0, 500, 3, 1) Process noise variance Q = 50* eye (3) Measurement noise vector V = 5 * NORMRND (0, 500, 2, 1) Measurement noise variance R = 50 * eye (2) (5) (6) here ax(n), ay(n), az(n) represent acceleration events at nth sample ( it is referred to state noises or process noises). According to 4, Users positions are determined base on distances between user and four satellites. PRi= +bu, i=1,2,3,4 (7) Fig. 1 shows the simulation results for Lagrange loop-the-loop and EKF iteration compared with the true position values. In geographic coordinates, PRi is the distance between the user and the ith satellite, (SXi,SYi,SZi) are coordinates of ith satellite, (RX,RY,RZ) are coordinates of the user bu=c. t with t is receiver clock offset compared to GPS time and c is the speed of light.PRis are determined by GPSs receiver. Coordinates of satellites are obtained by decoding satellite report, while (RX, RY, RZ) and bu are unknowns. With system of equations (7) above, the root RX,RY,RZ,bu, can be calculated by using Lagrange iteration 4. However, measurement values PRi are affected by noises (measurement noises). Therefore the root of system of equations is not accuracy. After differentiating equations (7), we obtain dPRi = (RX ? SXi)? RX + (RY ? SYi)? RY + (RZ ? SZi)? RZ (RX ? SXi)2 + (RY ? SYi)2 + (RZ ? SZi)2 + ? bu = (RX ? SXi). VRX +(RY ? SYi). VRY +(RZ ?SZi). VRZ +bf PRi ? bu Figure 1. dissemble tracking Users flying in outdoor environment (8) In Fig. 1, red twist around simulates users motion,Green curve simulates calculated trajectory of user receiver without EKF, blue curve simulates calculated trajectory of user receiver in EKF model. Based on GPSs ideology, this paper introduces an indoor positioning model using EKF, called Indoor-EKF GPS. Indoor-EKF GPS is hoped that it makes over easier with GPS, in such a way, we just use a hatch equipment to funding the continuous positioning while moving between indoorout door environments.In Fig. 3, an arranged system of equipments in space can be recognized as pseudo-satellites. Indoor spaces are complicated environments for wave propagation. Distances between user and pseudo-satellites cannot be determined using TOA technique like in outdoor GPS. Here, TOA technique is replaced by RSS (Received contract Strength) technique. This technique measures the running loss and calculates the distance between source and receiver. Figure 2. Errors in outdoor positioning. flushed points positioning errors without EKF. Green points positioning errors in EKF model.Comments on simulation results The maximum error is about 5 meters in circumstance using EKF model, whereas 25 meters in case without EKF. Trajectory of user receiver in EKF model is closer to trajectory of users motion than trajectory of user receiver without EKF. The just estimation error of EKF is very small than without EKF case. However, several points in curve are under perfectly changing errors. Figure 3. Indoor positioning system. According to IEEE 802. 11 recommended channel model, the relation between set-apart space path loss and distance d in breakpoint radius is given by 5 LFS(d) = L0 + 10? 1lg(d), 0 d ? BP (9) According to the result, it shows that the positioning errors are switch offd significantly. III. A. INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEM where ? 1 is called distance-power-gradient up to breakpoint distance dBP, Lo represents the path loss in decibels at one meter distance. The overall path los for any distance is modeled as 5 Indoor-EKF GPS Recent years, indoor environment has been extended so that indoor positioning demands are extended, too. Furthermore, it becomes necessary in tunnels, supper huge plants, very high buildings etc, and giving convenient for absent minder when household equipments are positioning.However, GPS is almost invalid in indoor environment. The reason is that GPS signal has low power. Even GPS signal can be received, the error po sitioning of GPS is not appropriate with Indoor applications. ?LFS (d ) +W, d ? dBP ? L(d ) = ? ? d ? ?LFS (dBP ) +10? 2 lg ? d ? +W, d dBP ? BP ? ? (10) where ? 2 is distance-power-gradient over break-point distance dBP. Its necessitate at least four distances form user to pseudosatellites are determined for calculating the users coordinates. Fig. 4 shows calculation process for user position. Figure 6. The second model. Figure 4. Users coordinates calculation.B. In the next section, the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology will be used to implement this system. There are two implementation models The first model (Fig. 5) The RFID active chips are pseudo-satellites, and readers will be used as GPSs receivers. Modeling of system Definition of the sate vector and the characteristic equations for system are similar with outdoor case above. However, because of difference on distances calculating method, equation (7) and equation (8) are not used here. This equation below is replaced equation (7) LPi=L0 + 10? lg (di) , i=1? 4 (11) here di is distance between user and ith pseudo-satellite, LPi is value of path loss on distance di. W appears as representative of noises and interferences. Here, we assume that it is Gaussian distribution, ? is distance-power-gradient (we have not examined its change yet. Here, we assume that it is constant). After differentiating equations (11), we obtain dLPi = Figure 5. The first model. 10? ( RX ? SRXi ). VX + ( RY ? SRYi). VY + ( RZ ? SRZi). VZ . ln10 di 2 + ? Wi , i=1,2,3,4 (12) The RFID active chips will transmit these data to readers The chips coordinates (in local coordinates) and its identification.The nominal value of transmitting power. The parameters in IEEE 802. 11 that supporting to correct distance measurements in each specific environment. where (SXi,SYi,SZi) are coordinates of ith pseudo-satellite, (RX,RY,RZ)are coordinates of the user, VX, VY, VZ are x, y, z components of users velocity, dLPi means the variation of path loss on distance di . We imply that the values are taken at nth sample. C. Simulation results for indoor-EKF GPS Data for simulation on Matlab7. 8. 0(R2009a) The second model (Fig. 8) The RFID active chips will be attached to users. Users will move in space that arranged with RFID readers.These readers will be connected to data fusion center. This center will determine users coordinates and send the result to users receiver by other channel link. Users initial velocity (1,2,1) meters/second Sampling rate 1000 samples/second Iteration steps 500 Process noise vector W = 5* NORMRND (0, 120, 3, 1) Process noise variance Q = 50* eye (3) Measurement noise vector V = 5 * NORMRND (0, 0. 4, 2, 1) Measurement noise variance R = eye (8) This simulation was repeated 100 times. The maximum error is about 0. 5 meters in case using EKF model, whereas 4. 5 meters in case without EKF.Trajectory of user receiver in EKF model is not shut to trajectory of users motion correla tive with appreciably positioning error. However the error reduces very quickly by exponential curve. The average estimation error of EKF is very small than without EKF case. However, several points in curve are under suddenly changing errors. IV. CONCLUSION Fig. 7 shows the simulation results for Newton iteration and EKF iteration compared with the true position values. In positioning systems, the accuracy of positioning is very important. It must be appropriated with the positioning applications.The paper recommends one way to improve the accuracy of positioning using the EKF. The results of simulations show that the EKF reduce effect of noises on the accuracy of positioning significantly in both outdoor and indoor positioning systems. The Indoor-EKF GPS system is a suggestion model for the future indoor positioning. It is easy for implementation and expansion, since RFID is very best-selling(predicate) and cheap today. Moreover, the Indoor-EKF GPS system has the same structure with GPS system, wherefore the handle equipment can be designed to keep the continuous positioning while moving between indoor-outdoor environments.REFERENCES 1. Ahmed EI-Rabbany, Introduction to GPS, Artech House, Inc, ISBN 1-58053-183-0, 2002, pp. 13-25,2741. 2. Grey Welch and Gary Bishop, An introduction to the Kalman filter, technological Report TR 95-041, 2001. 3. Jorge Quijano, Estimation of the position of a moving target using Extended Kalman Filter,term paper for the class ECE 510 Statistical Signal Processing, winter 2006. 4. James Bao-Yen TSui, Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers A Software Approach, John Wiley & Sons , Inc, ISBN 0-471-20054-9, 2000, pp. 9-15, 230-231. 5.Ahmad Hatami, Application of Channel Modeling for Indoor Location Using TOA and RSS, PhD Thesis, Worcester polytechnic Institute, 2006, pp. 14-19. Figure 8. Errors in indoor positioning. Figure 7. Simulate tracking Users trajectory in indoor environment. In Fig. 7, red curve simulates us ers motion, green curve simulates calculated trajectory of user receiver without EKF, blue curve simulates calculated trajectory of user receiver in EKF model. cherry points positioning errors without EKF. Green points positioning errors in EKF model. Comments on simulation results